labo22, le 10 January 2016 - 05:01 AM, dit :
Congress has been quietly concerned over deteriorating human rights in a leading U.S. military base in the Middle East. Congressional sources said the Republican-controlled House and Senate have raised concerns over the prospect of major unrest in Djibouti,.....
There is a reason why Western countries carefully word their disapproval behaviours of Djibouti Enterprise but they are very wary of insisting on regime change, simply because they are not only fearful of what may emerge, but also not jeopardize strategic interest.
Djibouti Enterprise by diversifying the range of state actors invested in Djibouti from a dependence on France in the late 1990s to the current group of countries, it has reduced its dependence on a single source of revenue; even if one investor pulls out in protest of government abuses, Djibouti's government still has access to a large pool of revenue. This position weakens the ability of any one country to push for reform.
Despite increasing authoritarianism, the Guelleh regime has not met with the condemnation that many other African nations receive from the West. Indeed, the US gov. has been virtually silent on the matter. The Department of State publishes Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets that list, among other things, impediments to democracy in different countries, and how the United States is helping to overcome them. The Fact Sheets for nine countries in East Africa and the Horn of Africa are revealing. Of the countries reviewed, seven made reference to democratic institutions, five referred to the human rights situation, five to governance and four to political and/or constitutional reform. The Fact Sheet for Djibouti, however, makes no mention of human rights, democratic institutions, or political and constitutional reform, and only makes passing reference to "
governance challenges" representing a hindrance to economic growth.
The strategic importance attached to Western military bases in Djibouti goes a long way toward explaining the almost total lack of democratizing pressure from Western governments. If Western governments were to speak out against abuses by the Guelleh's poor governance or push for democratic reforms, there might be a risk of losing access to geo-strategically important military bases. Knowing the importance attached to these bases, any threat to withdraw aid or support will be viewed as threat by Djibouti Enterprise.
The Pentagon’s deputy assistant secretary for Africa underscored the importance of Camp Lemonnier to U.S. interests claiming the “[the base] is not an outpost in the middle of nowhere that is of marginal interest… this is a very important location in terms of U.S. interests, in terms of freedom of navigation, when it comes to power projection” (Whitlock 2012). President Obama reaffirmed the importance of Djibouti and President Guelleh for the United States in 2014, station that Camp Lemmonier is a “critical facility that we maintain in Djibouti” and that the United States “could not do it without [Guelleh’s] co-operation. We [the United States] are grateful for him agreeing for a long-term presence there” (Al Jazeera 2014).
the signing of new ten-year lease for Camp Lemmonier in 2014, Obama pledged more assistance for Djibouti’s armed forces and development aid to stimulate the economy (AL Jazeera 2014). Rather than having aid linked to the implementation of democratic reforms as it has been in many other African countries, the Unites States uses aid in Djibouti as a bargaining chip to secure leases for Camp Lemmonier.
High levels of corruption and patronage mean there are few incentives for the ruling elite to strengthen democratic institutions or implement democratic reform. With high levels of patronage and corruption, rent-seeking elites tend to work against the formation of strong institutions that might curb or curtail their access to easily corruptible revenue. This has been evident in Djibouti with the Guelleh regime’s systematic efforts to undermine the establishment of a strong judiciary, legislature, media, and other institutions that could hold the government accountable. Meanwhile, by depriving the education system of funds and doing little to reverse the under-development experienced by much of the population, the ruling elite stymies the development of an educated and empowered populace. Large volumes of easily corruptible rents combined with a strong patronage network reinforce these structures and, in turn, Guelleh’s grip on power.
Ce message a été modifié par labo22 - 12 janvier 2016 - 04:51 .